Peace agreements may inadvertently increase selective violence against civilians when they are incomplete in two key dimensions. First, only a fraction of the existing armed groups participates in the agreement. Second, the legitimate government fails to establish an institutional presence in the areas previously controlled by those who do participate. Under these two conditions, the resulting vacuum of power may attract active armed groups who engage in selective civilian victimization to obtain control. Studying the recent Colombian experience, we find that the permanent ceasefire declared by the FARC insurgency in 2014 led to a surge in the targeting of community leaders in former FARC strongholds, perpetrated by armed groups excluded from the peace process, with the goal of consolidating their dominance in those areas. Critically, selective victimization is attenuated by some dimensions of state capacity and exacerbated in places that are more valuable as proxied by the existence of recent land conflicts.

This study uses the metafrontier Malmquist-Luenberger index to measure changes in the productivity of 4587 schools in the Colombian education system. Public and private schools are differentiated and all the schools participated in the Saber 11 standardized test between 2014 and 2017 in the subjects of mathematics, reading, sciences, social and citizen sciences and English. This methodology is appropriate to measure productivity while using good and bad outputs in the educational context. The general results indicate deterioration in both sectors; this behavior is due to the change in best practices and the change in efficiency. Large gaps are also found between departments.

This study uses the metafrontier Malmquist-Luenberger index to measure changes in the productivity of 4587 schools in the Colombian education system. Public and private schools are differentiated and all the schools participated in the Saber 11 standardized test between 2014 and 2017 in the subjects of mathematics, reading, sciences, social and citizen sciences and English. This methodology is appropriate to measure productivity while using good and bad outputs in the educational context. The general results indicate deterioration in both sectors; this behavior is due to the change in best practices and the change in efficiency. Large gaps are also found between departments.

Using the Great Integrated Household Survey database (GEIH) 2018, this article analyzes the overeducation situation of the Colombian workers compared with the Venezuelan migrant population. We study a cohort that migrated five years ago and a cohort that migrated one year ago. Results show a greater overeducation for Venezuelans who arrived in the first migration wave than for Venezuelans who arrived in the second migration wave. Undereducation was found for Venezuelans who arrived more recently. We find that overeducation, required education, undereducation returns will also depend on the migration situation and individual and regional characteristics. The ORU econometric models allow characterizing the Venezuelan workforce compared with the Colombian workforce in 2018.

The objective of this work is to valuate a European standard call option with different types of volatilities and a European exchange option based on the price of underlying assets through numerical experiments using the Euler–Maruyama stochastic numerical method with strong approximation. Different trajectories of Brownian motion are simulated with different time steps, different risk-free interest rates, different levels of volatility, different strikes or exercise price and different expiration times, assuming constant initial values for the different subjacent assets. The results obtained in the valuation of the options considered show that the proposed method presents very low mean squared errors compared to the valuation obtained from the reference methods: The Black–Scholes formula for an asset, Margrabe for two assets and the Euler–Maruyama scheme with weak approximation are analyzed for all the scenarios proposed. The strong Euler–Maruyama method becomes an attractive method for future research in terms of options valuation where there is no explicit formula. The results show that the proposed method can also be considered to value options, over one or more assets, since it produces a low mean square error in the analyzed scenarios.

La caña de azúcar es uno de los cultivos productivos más importantes del mundo, con presencia en más de un centenar de países tropicales y subtropicales. Para el año 2018, los países de las Américas fueron responsables de más del 53% del total de caña de azúcar producida en el mundo. A pesar de que Colombia no se encuentra en los primeros países productores y exportadores, es importante destacar su elevada productividad por hectárea. En vista de esta singularidad y de la importancia regional que este cultivo tiene en el suroccidente colombiano, este trabajo tiene por objetivo la estimación de una función de producción tipo Cobb-Douglas para una plantación, dividida en sub-plantaciones denominadas suertes, localizada en la vereda Tierradura, Municipio Miranda, Departamento del Cauca, Colombia.